Tuesday, January 28, 2020

Introduction Of Literature Review Nursing Essay

Introduction Of Literature Review Nursing Essay Literature review is a body of text that determines the aim to review the critical point of current knowledge including substantive findings as well as theoretical and methodological contribution to a particular topic (Wikipedia). Another definition of literature review is a literature reviews is a critical search for an analytical framework, or framework which you can put to work to test the hypothesis or to systematically investigate a set of issue (Jancovicz 2000, page 178). Literature review is a secondary source that combined with number of articles which have similar objective to form up a literature review. The numbers of articles were multitudinous cross-cultural journals, books, conferences and electronic sources of information. Therefore, literature review do not report any new experimental work, it is the review of an abstract accomplishment. Literature review able to help readers to understand the historical findings from other authors, its objective, it gives readers a draft to understand what was going on from the historical to now as well as telling the reader regarding the strengths and weaknesses of studies within the body. The following are the reasons to write a literature review: Distinguishing what has been done from what needs to be done Discovering important variables relevant to the topic Synthesizing and gaining a new perspective Identifying relationships between ideas and practice Establishing the context of the topic and problem Rationalize the significance problem Enhancing and acquiring the subject vocabulary Understanding the structure of the subject Relating ideas and theory to applications Identifying of the main methodologies and research techniques that have been used Placing the research in a historical context to show familiarity with state-of-the-art development Michael J Baker Writing literature review is important because it can avoid making same mistakes as other people did. As when reading the articles, sometimes may find out the errors or the some outdated information, thus, writer able to filter the information gained and amend it in his or her own articles. Furthermore, writing literature review can help to increase your breadth of knowledge in your subject area. When being allocated to do a research, writer has to understand the objective of the research first before start any findings or surveys. Writer need to read numbers of articles to comprehend the subject area in order to figure out what has been done by prior authors and what have to jot down in current research. After read the multi cross-cultural journals or books, writer has gained the knowledge in the particular area. From reading articles written by other authors, reader can improve his or her skills in linking his or her own ideas to the theories to applications and identify what resea rch methodology to be used in the current research either questionnaire, interviews, case studies, observational trial, experiment and so on. In doing a researchs literature review, writer has to going outside to contact experts in the particular field to gain other knowledge, information, ideas before he or she start to write anything. The Importance of Literature Review There are few types of literature review which are narrative, systematic and meta-analytic reviews. Narrative literature review in overall is the standard review of the literature, critically appraise and summarize the literature relevant to an identified topic (Hemingway Brereton 2009). This type of literature review is integral the points from the number of articles and presented as background reading immediately. This kind of literature review tend to begin its selected topic with explanation of the rationale and by providing some theoretical or historical framework for the research paper and the reasons to examining studies relevant to the topic (Baun McMurray-Schwarz 2007). Another type of literature review is systematic literature review sometimes referred as best-evidence synthesis or practice based research synthesis (Dunst 2009). This type of literature review is a thorough, comprehensive, transparent and unbiased review of the literature undertaken according to a clearly defined and systematic approach (Aveyard 2010; Neely et al., 2010). Systematic literature reviews are lengthy processes that involve a focused cross-disciplinary search strategy with clearly stated criteria for inclusion and exclusion of the literature (Berkeljon Baldwin, 2009). Moreover, there is one more type of literature review which is meta-analytic review. Meta-analytic review sometimes known as quantitative systematic review, provide a statistical review approach to measure the effect size and the aggregate studies relevant to the research question (Sun, Pang Wang 2010; Vetter, 2003). According to Humphrey (2011) stated that meta analysis should also provide readers with perspective so that findings are interpreted in a meaningful ways. Other than that, Neely et al (2010) said that Every meta-analysis is based on underlying systematic review, but not every systematic review lead to meta-analysis. A research project is the make for informing or telling people with new knowledge or discovery. Literature review is important because it is a part of paper where researcher will be given an opportunity to strengthen the research paper by putting citation what other reliable authors had said about your topic. To putting citation in the research paper is for the purpose of to proving that writer is not just writing about any random subject but that many others have also poured their thoughts on the topic (Admin 2009). If without literature review which is no other reliable authors talking about the topic, it is only containing writers opinions about the fact that writer has discovered through his or her research. If the research project is just only contain with writers opinion, then how to further convince the readers? In this case, who will scrutinize writers research paper as he or she does not put any reliable evidence from previous authors who doing the same research in the parti cular field? Therefore, this is the need that is answered only by the literature review (Admin 2009). Simply by the fact that writer is using referencing by citing what more credible people had say about the topic will build a stronger foundation for your paper (Admin 2009). According to the University of Western Sydney (2010), states that literature review is important to build knowledge and to identify the methodology of research and seminal that work in the particular field that writer involve to. Moreover, literature review help writer to focus and refine the research question by convey the knowledge gap (University of Western Sydney, 2010). Literature review is to discover the problem of study however the problem of study can be solved by collection of data. It is important to know that what the researcher doing and how he or she worked from reading their research papers and the current researcher should not to duplicate the works done by previous researcher. Furthermore, by writing literature review, it able to help researchers to improve their research design and instrumentation, which not successful at last time (Cottrell McKenzie 2011). According to Leary (2004), states that a well created literature review establishes creditability of the researcher of the study, so he can get the entire benefit of his work. Literature review is important because it is to judge the research question and to deliver latest research material for readers. Procedures of Writing a Literature Review The procedures of writing a literature review include: Define the topic or research question Identify the relevant information: Inclusion or exclusion criteria and keywords Conduct the literature research Screen all and exclude the irrelevant studies Scrutinize the relevant studies Extract data and develop graphic organizers Synthesize the findings Develop conclusion and recommendations Rhoades Define the Topic or Research Question This is the initial step of start writing a literature review. During this step, it involves defining the specific topic and clear statement or review objectives or research question (Neely et al., 2010). The topic should be the researcher know enough about to determine whether it is viable researchable topic (University of South Australia). Successful applications usually outline a well-defined research problem or area of focus linked to a body of literature that discusses some of the issues relevant to the proposed topic (University of South Australia). According to Aveyard (2010), stated that a good research question acts as a guide, clearly providing focus structure for the literature review process. Identify the Relevant Information: Inclusion or Exclusion Criteria and Keywords After determine which topic to be organized, the next procedure is to identify the relevant information. By identifying the relevant information, researcher has to discuss a series of inclusion and exclusion criteria because the criteria have to fit with their review question and or the brief given by whoever is funding the project (Information and Computer Sciences). During doing the research and collecting the relevant information, researcher has to be cautious of any bias, be subjective, because researcher might introduce his or her bias into the review by adding certain inclusion or exclusion criteria. For example limiting to studies in English may miss important studies published in other languages (Information and Computer Sciences). Other than that, all decisions taken to include or exclude certain studies or groups of studies should be documented in the methods this way it can be seen that a systematic process has been followed(Information and Computer Sciences). If the researcher is doing dissertation research, the researcher has to show that the reason why chosen the particular topic to focus, and why the researcher has to excluded others. During this stage, the decisions from researcher are normally made by using the titles and abstract of the articles. Those that clearly irrelevant information is filter or exclude in this stage and those criteria which met are included in the review. Conduct the literature research The next step is to conduct the literature search by the identified keywords. Lucas Cutspec (2005) said that the search process involve a combination of many search tactics that include hand searching key journals and books, accessing the many electronic literature databases, investigating reference lists, and scanning the internet via multiple search engines, the latter likely to also include grey literature. Usually during searching process, there are included cross-disciplinary in that studies from various field of specialization. For example, there are numbers of journals within the broad disciplines, such as education, health, medicine as well as family-based and children- based psychology that may relevant to some topic that involving with children hearing loss (Rhoades, 2005). Literature search need to be careful as use of many search engines, electronic database and websites that are necessity for. Screen all and exclude the irrelevant studies When all the journals, articles and papers are accumulated and abstracts are read, then need to classify the potential information that relevant to the research question (Hemingway Brereton 2009). After that screened all the irrelevant studies and exclude it, then screen again the relevant information to ensure the consistent relevant to the research question and all identified variables (Rhoades, 2005). Scrutinize the relevant studies During this step, researcher has to scrutinize the relevant study. Another two independent reviewers have to be ensure that the consistency of the inclusion with the research question and protocol. Extract data and develop graphic organizers Findings from the studies of particular field are extracted from data extraction form which is tabulated data. Visual clarifiers can be acquired and formed from the tabulated data to facilitate knowledge of the similarities and differences between the relevant studies (Rhoades, 2005). There are number of variables extracted from the studies and the graphic organizer has to summarize the importance of the variables and the relationship of the variables with the studies. Rhoades (2005) stated that when data extracted for analysis and synthesis, the different studies may vary considerably. This is about when at this point, the determination is to make as to see the meta-analysis is appropriate or not. During this step, if the reviewers feel that the studies do not provide sufficient evidence, then, it is important to present the findings because lack of evidence to prove that their findings are reliable and it lead difficulty in publishing (Alderson Roberts, 2000). Synthesize the Findings With two independent reviewers, finding from each study are aggregated to produce bottom line on the clinical effectiveness, feasibility, appropriateness, and meaningfulness, of the intervention (Hemingway Brereton, 2009). Thus, the pool of findings is name as evidence synthesis (Rhoades, 2005). If the studies involve quantitative data or include not much of quantitative, meta-synthesis is provided in literature review (Rhoades, 2005). Conversely, if the studies involve sufficient evidence and quantitative data, the meta-analysis is conducted (Hemingway Brereton, 2009). Develop Conclusions and Recommendations This is the last step of the procedures in writing a literature review. During this stage, researcher has to include some introduction regarding the studies, roughly review the overall structure of and the contents from the studies and then drawn conclusion from the findings of both secondary and primary research. The conclusion should state the crucial annotation and cover the strengths and weaknesses of the studies in the particular research. After drawn conclusion, provide some potential impact of the research conducted such as its contribution of knowledge or understanding, its contribution to theory development, its contribution to practice and applicant, and its implication for future research (Baker Foy). Thereafter, indicate some potential recommendation arise from the previous sections in term of the implication of findings (Baker Foy). Other than that, due to all studies have its own strong point and its shortcomings, thus, researcher can state some of the problematic iss ues arise when conducting the findings and what improvement should be done. Therefore, it is significant that researcher develop awareness of the problematic issues noted in the review (Rhoades, 2005). Summary Literature review is a must to put in a research paper when researcher wish to write a research articles because it is essential to know what has been done by previous researchers in that particular studies and figure out what should be do in the current study to correct the mistake and error done by previous researchers. Thus, it is significant to read number of articles, journals, books from many elsewhere to gain knowledge from the particular studies in order to have a draft in mind what should be do. Furthermore, there are number of procedures to follow in order to write a good literature review because it may be read by others people to judge when the paper being published. Therefore, it is crucial to write a precise literature review to avoid mistakes or errors and get teasing by others.

Monday, January 20, 2020

J.R.R. Tolkiens Lord of the Rings Essay -- Tolkien Lord Rings Essays

J.R.R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings "Three Rings for the Eleven-kings under the sky, Seven for the Dwarf-lords in their halls of stone, Nine for Mortal Men doomed to die, One for the Dark Lord on his Dark throne, In the Land of Mordor where the Shadows lie. One Ring to rule them all, One ring to find them, One ring to bring them all and in the darkness bind them, In the Land of Mordor where the Shadows lie(Tolkien)." Master of storytelling J.R.R. Tolkien continues the lives of the fictitious creatures that he introduced in The Hobbit, in his modern classic The Fellowship of the Ring. He artfully illustrates the truths of the evil that plague the hearts of man. He tells a story of greed, destruction and how mortal men are enslaved by their delusions of grander and how they feast upon the misery of others to elevate their own pitiful egos, that prove to be their worst vices.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is a struggle of good and evil that begins with a cursed gift of a powerful ring, the One Ring, that leads one wise hobbit on the most important journey of his life-time thus far, for he isn't only fighting for his own soul that is threatened to be claimed by the very ring he is given, but those of all of his people. The ring is sought after by its very creator Sauron the all powerful sorcerer, and Dark Lord of the middle-earth to aid in his evil deeds.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In his sin blackened hands the ring has the power to rob the creatures of middle-earth of their one fundamental right endowed by God himself; their precious freedom. The story follows Frodo on his journey to the Crack of Doom a fiery mountain in the layer of Mordor where the Dark Lord himself reigns with a swift hand. There and only there may he not only destroy the symbolic ring but put to rest the very demons that drove at his soul and threatened to over power him.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  J.R.R. Tolkien was Bloemfontein, Orange Free State, South Africa on January 2, 1892 and died on September 3, 1973. (St. James 558) He delighted and titillated readers of all ages by first introducing them to the middle-earth in The Hobbit, a story of Frodo's cousin Bilbo. The story detailed his mythical journey in which he was accompanied by wizards and elves in search of rumored treasures. The One Ring that plays a major role in The Fellowship of the Ring was the fruit of Bilbo's struggles in The Hobbit. Although The Hobbit was a large success... ...e the evil of so many?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I believe that Tolkien is a supreme storyteller. The very idea of creating a mythical land of middle-earth to allow so much versatility is ingenious alone. The characters are so real they seem to leap from the pages. They are the result of great thought. They have their own very developed vocabularies, eccentrics, and weaknesses yet each character draws an impeccable strength from one another. I believe that this work is a classic because of the very developed plot, characters, and its openness to each individuals interpretation. Whether the reader believes it is implying religious values, social values or telling a unique story unlike any others it is a must read for anyone who enjoys great literature. Works Cited Grotta~Kurska, Daniel. J.R.R. Tolkien Architect of Middle Earth. Philadelphia: Running PRess, 1976. Miller, David M. â€Å"Narrative Pattern in The Fellowship of the Ring.†A Tolkien Compass. Ed. Jared Lobdell. La Salle Il.:The Open Court Publishing Company,  1975. Pringle, David. Ed. St. James Guide to Fantasy Writers. New York: St. James Press, 1996. Tolkien, J.R.R. The Fellowship of the Ring. New York: Ballantine books, 1955

Sunday, January 12, 2020

Vietnam War vs Iraq War

With a husband in the Army and currently on his third deployment to Iraq, I am often asked how I think this war is different from past wars. In order to answer this question properly, I found that I needed to do a little bit of research and acquaint myself with some war history. As I learned about previous wars that Americans have been involved in, I learned that only two wars have had a great deal of controversy.The Vietnam War and the Iraq War, while almost identical are vastly different in their own right. In this paper, I will discuss the similarities and differences between two of our most recent wars. Even though there is a twenty eight year difference, there are many similarities between the wars in Vietnam and Iraq. Both Vietnam and Iraq are called wars, even though neither had a formal declaration of war. The â€Å"actions† claimed legitimacy per a Congressional vote authorizing the Presidents to send troops.The Vietnam War was packaged as a crucial front in the Cold War; and Iraq was packaged as a crucial front in the War on Terrorism. Vietnam is seen as Texan President Lyndon Johnson’s war, although he saw it as carrying out military commitments made by his predecessors Eisenhower and Kennedy. Iraq is seen as Texan President George W. Bush’s war, although he saw himself fulfilling the stated goal (Iraq Regime Change) of his predecessors George H. W. Bush and Clinton. The excuse for major combat operations in Vietnam was a perceived attack on the Gulf of Tonkin.The excuse for major combat operations in Iraq was a perceived attack on the Persian Gulf. Elected on a promise to end the war in Vietnam, Nixon expanded it into Laos and Cambodia. During the midterm election, Bush learned that the voters wanted to end the War in Iraq, but instead, he sent more troops. President Johnson left Vietnam unresolved for his successor, Nixon, who had no connection to his administration; President Bush left Iraq unresolved for his successor, Obama, who also had no connection to his administration.The escalation into Vietnam and the invasion of Iraq are often seen as consequences because of events that happened in America less than two years earlier; the assassination of JFK and the September 11 attacks. Prior to the Vietnam War, the United States had military advisors in South Vietnam for about twelve years. After the Gulf War, the United States had combat troops in Iraq for about twelve years and kept them close by in Saudi Arabia and Kuwait. Both Vietnam and Iraq involved the United States accusing a powerful neighbor, Russia, China, and Iran, of aiding its enemies.Vietnam and Iraq were largely supported by the public until the Tet Offensive and Abu Gharib put gruesome images of hard-won victories on American’s televisions. Soldiers of both Vietnam and Iraq found themselves being criticized for what had been happening, although they were just following orders given to them by the higher-ups. Opponents of both Vietnam and Iraq found themselves being branded as traitors for simply exercising their right to free speech.With all the similarities of Vietnam and Iraq, there are vast amounts of differences too. When the villain in Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh, was captured at Saigon, his name was put on the city and it became Ho Chi Minh City in 1975. When Saddam Hussein, the villain in Iraq, was captured, he was executed after having his name removed from just about everything in Baghdad, the capital of Iraq. The United States got into Vietnam to keep the south from falling to communist dictators, though in the process they cancelled or rigged democratic elections.The United States went into Iraq with the intentions to stop terrorism, but in the process provided fodder for new terrorist groups. The loss of Vietnam was supposed to cause a â€Å"domino effect† of nations falling to Communism. The victory in Iraq was supposed to cause something of a reverse domino effect of other Islamic states yearning for democracy. The Vietnam War ended with the unification of a country formerly divided, while the end of the Iraq War brought with it the partitioning of a country formerly unified.American involvement in Vietnam began after the French stopped fighting; while American involvement in Iraq began after the French refused to fight. When the generals told President Johnson that they needed more troops to win in Vietnam, he refused to provide them and moved to end the war. When the generals told President Bush that they needed more troops to win in Iraq, he refused to provide them and moved to start the war. Vietnam’s fighting force was four times the size of Iraq’s.Vietnam had a draft that was eventually abolished, while Iraq had an all-volunteer military that eventually led to talk of reinstating the draft. The War in Vietnam was a long fight to expel an invading army. The War in Iraq was a short fight by an invading army to expel Saddam, followed by a long fight to expel local militias. If a soldier joined the National Guard in the Vietnam era, they would have avoided getting shipped out, but if a soldier joined the National Guard during the Iraq era, they probably would not have avoided being shipped out.Some people say that America gets involved in wars just for the revenue created, while other people say that without unification of the world, there will never be true peace. As a military wife in a time of war, I find myself often torn between my feelings. There is no doubt that given the choice, I would choose to have my husband home and safe, however, without being needed by the Army, my husband probably would not have a job or be able to support our family. As I did research for this paper, I found myself very grateful that I was not a wife during the War in Vietnam.With the lack of communication, ammunition and support from other countries during the Vietnam War, I would most likely be a widow. Being a military wife during the Iraq War is not easy, but there have not been near as many casualties and while my husband still is not entirely safe, I am able to communicate with him almost every day and have no doubt that he is provided with everything that he needs. There are a great number of similarities between the Vietnam War and the Iraq War, but there are also a great number of differences.

Saturday, January 4, 2020

Workplace Challenges - 1570 Words

SECTION C: WORKPLACE CHALLENGES 1 Workplace Challenges: A Review of Current Stressors, Anger Management, and the Developement of Coping Techniques Dwayne Adams Metropolitan Community College This paper was prepared for HMRL 1010 5B Human Relationship Skills Spring 2012-13 FORT OMAHA Campus Instructor, Melinda J. Classen, M.S. SECTION C: WORKPLACE CHALLENGES 2 Abstract Many nations and various groups compete and continuously reposition theirselves to gain international†¦show more content†¦Stress Coping Techniques How does one cope with stress in life? How does one respond to life events? Good physical and mental health can be maintained by learning to balance negative stressors agaist stress reduction techniques. Some Personal Stress Reducers in General Are: Proper Rest Proper Support Network of Co-workers, Friends, and Family Prioritizing and Planning Daily Activities Practice of Relaxation Techniques Proper Diet Acceptance of Limitations Although there are far too many factors to adequately discuss in this paper, a review of the various stressors are a worthwhile activity. Candid and honest answers to certain questions can assist in techniques to allieviate stress. â€Å"How have I overcome stress in the past?† †How much of my stress is work related?† â€Å"What characteristics do I tend to have when I am stressed?† How can I impliment stress management strategies in oreder to balance my life?† Currently, I am actively engaged in answering such questions and developing and improving copimg strategies. I have found much success in most circumstances. There exist some stress with respect to the volume of classwork given, but it is much less when compared to the esteem and feelings of self-efficacy gained. My current studies seems the have served as a major reducer of stress. There is however, much room for improvement. SECTION C: WORKPLACEShow MoreRelatedForeign Service Officer For Citizenship And Immigration Canada878 Words   |  4 Pagespersonal affairs. Second, a career in public service requires me to serve as a non-partisan agent and to carry out policies that I may or may not agree with, which can present demoralizing situations throughout the lifetime of my career. Despite these challenges, I am confident that I can use the passion and interest that I possess for the work of a Foreign Service Officer to derive satisfaction in such a career. 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